Hemoglobin A1C: Intracellular Heterogeneity and Functional Implications in Prediabetic and T2 Diabetic Erythrocytes

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), a non-enzymatically glycated form of adult hemoglobin (HbA0), is a widely used biomarker for diabetes. Its concentration is strongly correlated with the long-term glycemic state and the risk of diabetes development. However, beyond its diagnostic role, its physiological functions remain poorly understood.